Other Events and Attributes:

• _UID: 4400C4FC09D7D711BA22444553540000D863

Notes:

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. His disagreements with the Pope led to his separation of the Church of England from papal authority, with himself, as king, as the Supreme Head of the Church of England and to the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Because his principal dispute was with papal authority, rather than with doctrinal matters, he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings despite his excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church.[1] Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. He is also well known for a long personal rivalry with both Francis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, his contemporaries with whom he frequently warred.

Domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the sovereign's supremacy over the Church of England, thus initiating the English Reformation, he greatly expanded royal power. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial, by means of bills of attainder. He achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Figures such as Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich, and Thomas Cranmer figured prominently in Henry's administration. An extravagant spender, he used the proceeds from the Dissolution of the Monasteries and acts of the Reformation Parliament to convert to royal revenue money formerly paid to Rome. Despite the influx of money from these sources, Henry was continually on the verge of financial ruin, due to his personal extravagance, as well as his numerous costly continental wars.

His contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated and accomplished king, and he has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne".[2] Besides ruling with considerable power, he was also an author and composer. His desire to provide England with a male heir – which stemmed partly from personal vanity and partly from his belief that a daughter would be unable to consolidate Tudor power and maintain the fragile peace that existed following the Wars of the Roses[3] – led to the two things for which Henry is most remembered: his six marriages and his break with the Pope (who would not allow an annulment of Henry's first marriage) and the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the English Reformation. Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh, and insecure king.[4] He was succeeded by his son Edward VI.

see : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England

Henry married Catherine of Aragon on 11 Jun 1509 in Greyfriars, Greenwich. Catherine (daughter of King Ferdinand V of Castile and Aragon Ferdinand of Aragon, - King Ferdinand V of Castile and Aragon and Isabella of Castile) was born on 5 Dec 1485 in Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid; died on (6 Jan 1535/1536) in Kimbolton Castle; was buried in Peterborough Abbey. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Queen Consort Anne Boleyn, Marchioness of Pembroke in (ABT 25 Jan 1532/1533) in Whitehall. Anne (daughter of Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire, Earl of Ormond [Ireland] and Viscount Rochford and Elizabeth Howard) died on 19 May 1536 in Tower Green, London; was buried in St Peter's in the Tower. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Jane Seymour on 30 May 1536. Jane (daughter of John Seymour and Margery Wentworth) died on 24 Oct 1537. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Anne of Cleves on 6 Jan 1539/40. Anne was born on 22 Sep 1515; died on 16 Jul 1557; was buried on 3 Aug 1557 in Westminster Abbey. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Catherine Howard on 28 Jul 1540. Catherine (daughter of Edmund Howard) was born about 1520; died on (13 Feb 1541/2) in Tower of London. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Catherine Parr on 12 Jul 1543. Catherine (daughter of Sir Thomas Parr and Maud Green) was born in 1512 in Blackfriars, London, England; died on 5 Sep 1548 in Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England; was buried in Sudeley Castle. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Elizabeth Blount. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Mary Boleyn. Mary (daughter of Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire, Earl of Ormond [Ireland] and Viscount Rochford and Elizabeth Howard) died on 19 Jul 1543. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• _UID: 7500C4FC09D7D711BA224445535400000973

Other Events and Attributes:

• _UID: 7700C4FC09D7D711BA224445535400000B93

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• _UID: 539304CACCDAD711BA22B8E68CB2433572C1

Notes:

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her executions of Protestants caused her opponents to give her the sobriquet "Bloody Mary".

She was the only child of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon who survived to adulthood. Her younger half-brother Edward VI (son of Henry and Jane Seymour) succeeded their father in 1547. When Edward became mortally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because of religious differences. On his death their first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, was initially proclaimed queen. Mary assembled a force in East Anglia and successfully deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. Mary was—excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the Empress Matilda—the first queen regnant of England. In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.

As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her half-brother. During her five-year reign, she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian persecutions. Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her younger half-sister and successor Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn.

Portraits:
Link to Marilee Cody's "Tudor England" website

Mary married King Philip II of Spain Philip of Hapsburg on 25 Jul 1554 in Winchester Cathedral. Philip was born on 21 May 1527; died on 13 Sep 1598. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Title: Queen Elizabeth I
• _UID: 519304CACCDAD711BA22B8E68CB2433570A1

Notes:

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII by second wife, Anne Boleyn, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth. Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, ruled until his death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, Elizabeth and the Roman Catholic Mary, in spite of statute law to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

In 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel.[1] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir to continue the Tudor line. She never did, despite numerous courtships. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day.

In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been.[2] One of her mottoes was "video et taceo" ("I see, and say nothing").[3] In religion she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After 1570, when the pope declared her illegitimate and released her subjects from obedience to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history.

Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler,[4] who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. Such was the case with Elizabeth's rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, whom she imprisoned in 1568 and had executed in 1587. After the short reigns of Elizabeth's half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.

Portraits:
Link to Marilee Cody's "Tudor England" website

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• _UID: 7900C4FC09D7D711BA224445535400000DB3

Notes:

Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine.[1] The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first monarch raised as a Protestant. During Edward's reign, the realm was governed by a Regency Council because he never reached his majority. The Council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, (1547–1549), and then by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick, from 1551 Duke of Northumberland.

Edward's reign was marked by economic problems and social unrest that, in 1549, erupted into riot and rebellion. An expensive war with Scotland, at first successful, ended with military withdrawal from Scotland as well as Boulogne-sur-Mer in exchange for peace. The transformation of the Church into a recognisably Protestant body also occurred under Edward, who took great interest in religious matters. Although his father, Henry VIII, had severed the link between the Church of England and Rome, Henry VIII had never permitted the renunciation of Catholic doctrine or ceremony. It was during Edward's reign that Protestantism was established for the first time in England with reforms that included the abolition of clerical celibacy and the Mass and the imposition of compulsory services in English. The architect of these reforms was Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, whose Book of Common Prayer is still used.

In February 1553, at age 15, Edward fell ill. When his sickness was discovered to be terminal, he and his Council drew up a "Devise for the Succession," attempting to prevent the country's return to Catholicism. Edward named his first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. However, this decision was disputed following Edward's death, and Jane was deposed by Mary within 13 days. As queen, Mary reversed Edward's Protestant reforms, which nonetheless became the basis of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559.

see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England

Other Events and Attributes:

• Title: Earl of Nottingham and Duke of Richmond and Somerset
• _UID: 5B00C4FC09D7D711BA22444553540000EFD3

Notes:

Illegitimate

Portrait:
Link to Marilee Cody's "Tudor England" website

Died:
without issue

Family/Spouse: Mary Howard. Mary (daughter of Lord Howard Thomas Howard and Elizabeth Stafford) died on 9 Dec 1557. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• _UID: 4D9304CACCDAD711BA22B8E68CB243356C61

Notes:

Parentage doubtful

Family/Spouse: Anne Morgan. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: 4F9304CACCDAD711BA22B8E68CB243356E81

Notes:

Parentage doubtful

Catherine married Francis Knollys before May 1540. Francis died on 19 Jul 1596. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]