Notes:

James II and VII (14 October 1633O.S. – 16 September 1701)[2] was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII,[3] from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II. Members of Britain's political and religious elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and of having designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded, and leading nobles called on his Protestant son-in-law and nephew William of Orange, to land an invasion army from the Netherlands, which he did in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James fled England (and thus was held to have abdicated).[4] He was replaced by his Protestant elder daughter, Mary and her husband William of Orange. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns from William and Mary when he landed in Ireland in 1689, but after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.

James is best known for his struggles with the English Parliament and his attempts to create religious liberty for English Roman Catholics and Protestant nonconformists, against the wishes of the Anglican establishment. However he also continued the persecution of the Presbyterian Covenanters in Scotland. Parliament, opposed to the growth of absolutism that was occurring in other European countries, as well as to the loss of legal supremacy of the Church of England, saw their opposition as a way to preserve what they regarded as traditional English liberties. This tension made James's four-year reign a struggle for supremacy between the English Parliament and the Crown, resulting in his deposition, the passage of the Bill of Rights, and the Hanoverian succession.

see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England

James married Anne Hyde in 1660. Anne was born on 12 Mar 1637 in Windsor, Berkshire, England; died on 31 Mar 1671 in London, England; was buried in Westminster Abbey, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Quen Mary Stuart, Queen Mary II was born on 30 Apr 1662 in St James' Palace, London; died on 28 Dec 1694 in Kensington Palace, London; was buried on 5 Mar 1695 in Westminster Abbey, London, England.
2. Queen Anne Gloria Stuart, - Queen Anne of Great Britain was born on 6 Feb 1665; died on 1 Aug 1714.
3. Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge

Family/Spouse: Mary, of Modena. Mary was born in 1658; died in 1718. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Catherine Laura Stuart was born on 10 Jan 1675; died on 3 Oct 1675.
2. Isabel Stuart was born on 28 Aug 1676; died on 2 Mar 1681.
3. Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge was born on 7 Nov 1677; died on 12 Dec 1677.
4. Charlotte Maria Stuart was born on 16 Aug 1682; died on 16 Oct 1682.
5. James Frencis Edward Stuart, Duke of Cambridge was born on 10 Jun 1688; died on 1 Jan 1766.
6. Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart was born on 28 Jun 1692; died on 20 Apr 1712.

Notes:

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649[a]) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Charles was the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish and Scottish thrones on the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1612. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to a Spanish Habsburg princess culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations. Two years later he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead.

After his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the Puritans and Calvinists, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall.

From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. In 1660, the English Interregnum ended when the monarchy was restored to Charles's son, Charles II.

see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England

Charles + Henrietta Maria, of France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• _UID: 542F9C1D51DAD711BA224445535400005B22

Notes:

James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.

James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland (through both his parents), uniquely positioning him to eventually accede to all three thrones. James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother Mary was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue.[1] He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the Jacobean era after him, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland".[2] He was a major advocate of a single parliament for both England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas began.

At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the English Parliament. Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture.[3] James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie (1597), True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), and Basilikon Doron (1599). He sponsored the translation of the Bible that was named after him: the Authorised King James Version.[4] Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in Christendom", an epithet associated with his character ever since.[5] Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch.

see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I

James married Anne of Oldenburg on 24 Nov 1589 in Upslo, Denmark. Anne died on (2 Mar 1618/1619). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Anne of Denmark
• _UID: 5B2F9C1D51DAD711BA224445535400006292

Other Events and Attributes:

• _UID: F72E9C1D51DAD711BA22444553540000FD43

Henry married Queen Mary Stewart, Mary Queen of Scots on 29 Jul 1565. Mary (daughter of James Stewart and Mary of Lorraine) was born in Dec 1542 in Linlithgow; died on (8 Feb 1586/1587) in Fotheringay Castle, Northamptonshire; was buried in Peterborough Cathedral. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• _UID: 4B2F9C1D51DAD711BA224445535400005292
• Abdication: 24 Jul 1567

Notes:

Portraits:
Link to Marilee Cody's "Tudor England" website